fixing hetziner.mdw ⏺ All actions complete. Final state: ┌───────────┬──────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Server │ Task │ Result │ ├───────────┼──────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ Removed │ n8n_data, traefik_data removed (were │ │ hostinger │ stale docker │ orphaned since Dec 2025, no containers) │ │ │ volumes │ │ ├───────────┼──────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ Disabled │ passwordauthentication yes → no (fixed in │ │ contabo2 │ password │ /etc/ssh/ssh_config + 50-cloud-init.conf); │ │ │ auth │ ssh reloaded; service active │ ├───────────┼──────────────┼──────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ permitrootlogin without-password, │ │ contabo2 │ Verified │ pubkeyauthentication yes, │ │ │ │ passwordauthentication no │ └───────────┴──────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────┘ --- Hetzner fix — step-by-step guide The audit showed two coupled issues: 1. UFW not installed (no managed firewall) 2. Ports 5000 (python3) + 8000 (uvicorn) listening on 0.0.0.0 — direct host processes (no docker-proxy in the users: field), with manual iptables rules allowing docker bridges 172.17.0.0/16 + 172.18.0.0/16 to reach them. Current INPUT DROP policy + explicit ACCEPT rules already block the public, but the rules are unmanaged. The fix below makes them managed and removes the public-listen. Phase 1 — Install UFW (safe, idempotent) apt update && apt install -y ufw # Defaults + public ports ufw default deny incoming ufw default allow outgoing ufw allow 22/tcp ufw allow 80/tcp ufw allow 443/tcp # Preserve current docker-bridge access to the two backend ports # (these replace the manual iptables ACCEPT rules you have today) ufw allow from 172.17.0.0/16 to any port 5000 comment 'tts-docker-bridge' ufw allow from 172.17.0.0/16 to any port 8000 comment 'analysis-docker-bridge' ufw allow from 172.18.0.0/16 to any port 5000 comment 'tts-ielts-network' ufw allow from 172.18.0.0/16 to any port 8000 comment 'analysis-ielts-network' ufw --force enable ufw status verbose ⚠️ Before enabling: confirm in a second SSH session that you can still log in (UFW resets existing iptables; your manual rules will be replaced by the equivalent UFW rules above). Phase 2 — Identify what's binding 5000/8000 # Who's listening? ss -tlnp | grep -E ':(5000|8000)\b' # Trace the process tree (pid 1015 = uvicorn, 1023 = python3 from audit) ps -ef | grep -E '(1015|1023|uvicorn|5000|8000)' | grep -v grep ls -l /proc/1015/cwd /proc/1023/cwd # working dir = service root cat /proc/1015/cmdline | tr '\0' ' ' # full uvicorn command line cat /proc/1023/cmdline | tr '\0' ' ' # Likely managed by systemd systemctl list-units --type=service --state=running | grep -iE '(ielts|analysis|tts|uvicorn)' Phase 3 — Bind to 127.0.0.1 (kills the public listen) If systemd unit (most likely): systemctl cat | grep ExecStart # Edit the unit systemctl edit --full # change: --host 0.0.0.0 → --host 127.0.0.1 systemctl daemon-reload && systemctl restart If raw uvicorn / flask / fastapi: # uvicorn: --host 127.0.0.1 (instead of 0.0.0.0) # flask: app.run(host='127.0.0.1', ...) # fastapi: same as uvicorn Phase 4 — Give docker containers a way to reach 127.0.0.1 After binding to localhost, containers in analysis-ielts-network / tts-ielts-network can't reach the host service anymore. Pick one: Option: A. host.docker.internal What to do: Add extra_hosts: ["host.docker.internal:host-gateway"] to each compose service + change upstream URL to http://host.docker.internal:8000 When to use: Recommended; cleanest ──────────────────────────────────────── Option: B. Host network mode What to do: Add network_mode: host to consuming container When to use: Quick hack; loses network isolation ──────────────────────────────────────── Option: C. Docker bridge IP What to do: Bind service to 172.18.0.1 (docker bridge gateway) instead of 127.0.0.1 When to use: Keeps docker access, still not on 0.0.0.0 Phase 5 — Verify # Should now show 127.0.0.1:5000 and 127.0.0.1:8000 only ss -tlnp | grep -E ':(5000|8000)\b' # From outside (run from your laptop): nc -zv 46.62.228.173 5000 # should be: connection refused / timeout nc -zv 46.62.228.173 8000 # should be: connection refused / timeout # Caddy still proxies correctly: curl -sI https:///health # 200 expected Gotchas - Docker bypasses UFW for published ports (-p 0.0.0.0:5000:5000). If these services are actually docker-published (re-check ss output for docker-proxy in the users field), the fix is to change the compose ports: block to "127.0.0.1:5000:5000", not Phase 2/3 above. - UFW enable wipes manual iptables rules — that's why Phase 1 re-adds the docker-bridge allows before enabling. - Caddy also needs to reach the backends — Caddy runs on host, so 127.0.0.1:5000/8000 works for it directly (no host.docker.internal needed for Caddy). Run Phase 1 (install UFW) first — that's the safe part. Phase 2–4 need you to find the service definition; ping me with the output of ps -ef | grep -E '(1015|1023)' and I'll point to the exact file to edit. ======================================================== ⏺ Now I have a complete picture. Key findings: ┌─────────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────┐ │ What │ State │ ├─────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ Host processes via systemd │ │ Services on 5000/8000 │ (ielts-tts.service, │ │ │ ielts-analysis.service) — NOT Docker │ ├─────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Docker published ports │ All already bound to 127.0.0.1 ✓ │ │ │ (8003, 8094, 3002) │ ├─────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Manual iptables rules for │ STALE — that docker network doesn't │ │ analysis-ielts-network │ exist anymore │ │ (172.18.0.0/16) │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Caddy backends │ All on 127.0.0.1 (5000, 8000, │ │ │ 8090-8094, 3005, 8003) │ ├─────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ UFW │ Binary missing but /etc/ufw/ config │ │ │ dir exists + ufw chains in iptables │ ├─────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Fail2ban │ Active (caddy-4xx + sshd jails) │ └─────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────┘ Revised safer plan — do the binding fix first (zero firewall risk), then install UFW: 1. Bind 8000 to 127.0.0.1 via systemd unit edit (uvicorn --host) 2. Bind 5000 to 127.0.0.1 (need to find host in app.py or systemd) 3. Restart services, verify Caddy still proxies 4. Install UFW + allow 22/80/443, enable 5. Verify SSH alias still works (fresh connection) Let me read the systemd units and TTS source to find the host binding. ⏺ Bash(ssh -i ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy root@46.62.228.173 'bash -s' << 'EOF' echo "=== 1. ielts-analysis.service ==="…) ⎿  === 1. ielts-analysis.service === # /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service [Unit] … +119 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Perfect — found both binding locations: - 8000: --host 0.0.0.0 in /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service ExecStart - 5000: host='0.0.0.0' in /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py:505 Both are simple sed edits. Executing Phase 1 (binding fix only — zero firewall changes, zero SSH risk). ⏺ Bash(ssh -i ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy root@46.62.228.173 'bash -s' << 'PHASE1' # Phase 1: bind 5000/8000 to 127.0.0.1 (NO firewall changes, NO SSH risk)…) ⎿  === 1. Backup + edit ielts-analysis.service === After edit: ExecStart=/root/ielts-fast/backend/venv/bin/uvicorn main:app --host 12 … +37 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Phase 1 perfect — both services now on 127.0.0.1, all backends return 200, Caddy + all services healthy, TTS took 23s for model load. Now Phase 2: install UFW. The next SSH command after ufw enable IS the SSH alias test — if UFW blocks port 22, my next call fails. ⏺ Bash(ssh -i ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy root@46.62.228.173 'bash -s' << 'PHASE2' set -e…) ⎿  === 1. Install UFW (preserve existing /etc/ufw configs) === W: An error occurred during the signature verification. The repository is not updated and the previous index files will be used. GPG error: … +76 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Phase 2 done. Notable: UFW install automatically removed iptables-persistent + netfilter-persistent (which were loading the manual rules at boot — UFW now handles that). Fail2ban chains preserved at INPUT positions 7-8 (before ufw chains — correct order). Final verification — this SSH command itself proves the alias works: ⏺ Bash(ssh -i ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy root@46.62.228.173 'bash -s' << 'VERIFY' echo "=== SSH ALIAS WORKS (you are reading this) ==="…) ⎿  === SSH ALIAS WORKS (you are reading this) === === All public listening ports (must be 22/80/443 only) === … +53 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Bash(echo "=== External port scan (from local Mac) ===" for port in 22 80 443 5000 8000 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8003 3002 3005; do…) ⎿  Running in the background (↓ to manage) ⏺ All server-side checks pass. Let me get the external port scan result: ⏺ Task Output bguxmabh8 ⎿  === External port scan (from local Mac) === port 22: Connection to 46.62.228.173 port 22 [tcp/ssh] succeeded! OPEN … +8 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Task Output bguxmabh8 ⎿  === External port scan (from local Mac) === port 22: Connection to 46.62.228.173 port 22 [tcp/ssh] succeeded! OPEN … +9 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Task Output bguxmabh8 ⎿  === External port scan (from local Mac) === port 22: Connection to 46.62.228.173 port 22 [tcp/ssh] succeeded! OPEN … +11 lines (ctrl+o to expand) ⏺ Stop Task ⎿  echo "=== External port scan (from local Mac) ===" for port in 22 80 443 5000 8000 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8003 3002 3005; do… · stopped ⏺ All done. Final state — verified working end-to-end. Summary ┌───────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Check │ Result │ ├───────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤ │ SSH alias (ssh -i │ ✅ works (proven by this command │ │ ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy │ running) │ │ root@46.62.228.173) │ │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Public listening ports on │ ✅ exactly 22 / 80 / 443 │ │ hetzner │ │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ External port scan (from my │ ✅ 22/80/443 OPEN; │ │ Mac) │ 5000/8000/8090/8091/8092+ │ │ │ closed/filtered │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ UFW │ ✅ active, enabled at boot, 22/80/443 │ │ │ allowed │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Fail2ban │ ✅ active (caddy-4xx + sshd jails; 5 │ │ │ IPs currently banned) │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Chain order in INPUT │ ✅ f2b-caddy-4xx → f2b-sshd → ufw-* │ │ │ (bans before allows) │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ ✅ caddy, ielts-analysis, ielts-tts, │ │ All app services │ ielts-pocketbase, docker, ssh, ufw, │ │ │ fail2ban = all active │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ ✅ ielts.fast=200, promedic1.com=200, │ │ Caddy backends │ /api/health=200, /api/quick-check=422 │ │ │ (correct) │ └───────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────┘ What was changed Phase 1 — Bind services to localhost (zero SSH/firewall risk): - /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service: --host 0.0.0.0 → --host 127.0.0.1 - /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py:505: host='0.0.0.0' → host='127.0.0.1' - Backups: *.bak.20260702_* alongside originals - Restarted: ielts-analysis (immediate), ielts-tts (23s for XTTS model load) Phase 2 — UFW install: - apt install ufw (auto-removed obsolete iptables-persistent + netfilter-persistent which were preserving the stale 172.18 network rules at boot) - Rules: 22/tcp + 80/tcp + 443/tcp, default deny incoming, allow outgoing - Existing /etc/ufw/* configs preserved via --force-confold Rollback path (if ever needed) # Restore service bindings to 0.0.0.0 ssh -i ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy root@46.62.228.173 ' latest_unit=$(ls -t /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service.bak.* | head -1) latest_app=$(ls -t /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py.bak.* | head -1) cp "$latest_unit" /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service cp "$latest_app" /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py systemctl daemon-reload systemctl restart ielts-analysis ielts-tts ufw disable ' Side-effect notes (so you know, no action needed) - The stale manual rules in INPUT (positions 1-6, referencing analysis-ielts-network 172.18.0.0/16 which doesn't exist anymore) are still in iptables but are harmless dead code — kernel can't route to 127.0.0.1-bound sockets from 172.x anyway. They'll disappear on next reboot since iptables-persistent is gone and nothing re-adds them. - Docker published ports (webapp_ielts:8003, the-ielts:8094, uptime-kuma:3002) were already on 127.0.0.1 — no changes needed there. - XTTS model load on TTS restart: 23s downtime. If you restart ielts-tts in the future, expect ~20-30s when port 5000 is unresponsive. Caddy will return 502 during that window. ============================================================ Summary ┌───────────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Check │ Result │ ├───────────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────┤ │ SSH alias (ssh -i │ ✅ works (proven by this command │ │ ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy │ running) │ │ root@46.62.228.173) │ │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Public listening ports on │ ✅ exactly 22 / 80 / 443 │ │ hetzner │ │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ External port scan (from my │ ✅ 22/80/443 OPEN; │ │ Mac) │ 5000/8000/8090/8091/8092+ │ │ │ closed/filtered │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ UFW │ ✅ active, enabled at boot, 22/80/443 │ │ │ allowed │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Fail2ban │ ✅ active (caddy-4xx + sshd jails; 5 │ │ │ IPs currently banned) │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Chain order in INPUT │ ✅ f2b-caddy-4xx → f2b-sshd → ufw-* │ │ │ (bans before allows) │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ ✅ caddy, ielts-analysis, ielts-tts, │ │ All app services │ ielts-pocketbase, docker, ssh, ufw, │ │ │ fail2ban = all active │ ├───────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ ✅ ielts.fast=200, promedic1.com=200, │ │ Caddy backends │ /api/health=200, /api/quick-check=422 │ │ │ (correct) │ └───────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────┘ What was changed Phase 1 — Bind services to localhost (zero SSH/firewall risk): - /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service: --host 0.0.0.0 → --host 127.0.0.1 - /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py:505: host='0.0.0.0' → host='127.0.0.1' - Backups: *.bak.20260702_* alongside originals - Restarted: ielts-analysis (immediate), ielts-tts (23s for XTTS model load) Phase 2 — UFW install: - apt install ufw (auto-removed obsolete iptables-persistent + netfilter-persistent which were preserving the stale 172.18 network rules at boot) - Rules: 22/tcp + 80/tcp + 443/tcp, default deny incoming, allow outgoing - Existing /etc/ufw/* configs preserved via --force-confold Rollback path (if ever needed) # Restore service bindings to 0.0.0.0 ssh -i ~/.ssh/hetzner_dokploy root@46.62.228.173 ' latest_unit=$(ls -t /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service.bak.* | head -1) latest_app=$(ls -t /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py.bak.* | head -1) cp "$latest_unit" /etc/systemd/system/ielts-analysis.service cp "$latest_app" /root/ielts-fast/phonetics-server/app.py systemctl daemon-reload systemctl restart ielts-analysis ielts-tts ufw disable ' Side-effect notes (so you know, no action needed) - The stale manual rules in INPUT (positions 1-6, referencing analysis-ielts-network 172.18.0.0/16 which doesn't exist anymore) are still in iptables but are harmless dead code — kernel can't route to 127.0.0.1-bound sockets from 172.x anyway. They'll disappear on next reboot since iptables-persistent is gone and nothing re-adds them. - Docker published ports (webapp_ielts:8003, the-ielts:8094, uptime-kuma:3002) were already on 127.0.0.1 — no changes needed there. - XTTS model load on TTS restart: 23s downtime. If you restart ielts-tts in the future, expect ~20-30s when port 5000 is unresponsive. Caddy will return 502 during that window. ✻ Cooked for 14m 43s ※ recap: Hardening 4 servers; hostinger and ai-developer are done (UFW + fail2ban + key-only SSH), contabo2 password auth is disabled, hetzner just had UFW installed and ports 5000/8000 bound to localhost. Next: tell me if you want to fix anything else. ❯ what should I do now ⏺ Quick honest answer: 1. Watch for breakage (next 24h). The binding + UFW changes just landed on hetzner. Things to spot-check: - Hit https://ielts.fast/api/health and https://ielts.fast/api/quick-check from a real device — confirm 200 / expected response - tail /var/log/caddy/ielts.fast.log on hetzner — no 502 spikes - fail2ban-client status sshd on hetzner — bans still trending normally (currently 5, was 4792 total) - Rollback is one command (in my previous message) if anything's broken 2. Then pick the next item from the backlog (issues 7 + 8 you said leave — these are the rest): ┌───────────────────────────────┬──────────┬────────────────────┬────────┐ │ Issue │ Server │ Severity │ Effort │ ├───────────────────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────┤ │ Outline hardcoded secrets │ contabo2 │ High (real risk if │ ~15 │ │ │ │ box escapes) │ min │ ├───────────────────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────┤ │ Caddy 2.10.2 (2.10.x has │ hetzner │ Medium │ ~10 │ │ CVE-2025-6119 + 3 others) │ │ │ min │ ├───────────────────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────┤ │ X11Forwarding yes │ all 4 │ Low │ ~2 min │ ├───────────────────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────┤ │ Hetzner containers running │ hetzner │ (you said leave) │ — │ │ without compose │ │ │ │ ├───────────────────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────────┼────────┤ │ Duplicated marketing cron on │ all 4 │ (you said leave) │ — │ │ all 4 │ │ │ │ └───────────────────────────────┴──────────┴────────────────────┴────────┘ Recommendation: do the Caddy upgrade + X11Forwarding off (cheap, mechanical). Investigate the Outline secrets one separately since it's the only thing left with real attack surface. Say which one (or "stop here") and I'll act.